The Mosaic Law provides the objective basis for leading and administering the nation of Israel, for thier governance, their organization, their morality. This existence as a nation was administered by judges, prophets and priests.
After a while the people of Israel wanted a human king. The prophet Samuel heard from God that Saul would be the first human king of Israel.
When Saul didn't work out, God sent Samuel to anoint David. There were years of drama and intrigue...
David was "a man after God's own heart" but was flawed like us and made some bad decisions. Yet, God used him, Israel grew and became powerful. But David was not allowed to build the temple... that was left for the second Davidic king, Solomon.
Solomon came to the throne through more "Davidic-dynasty-drama." But finally ascended to the throune and then asked God for and received wisdom. Under Solomon's leadership, Israel reached her zenith as a nation state. Israel was a rich and unified state.
But the kings who followed wound up ruling a divided kingdom: Israel in the north (the Northern Kingdom) and Judah in the south (the Southern Kingdom). These divided nations which usually were led by men who were ungodly, with some exceptions like Josiah, ultimately end in the Babylonian Exile. The Hebrews would return to Jerusalem under the (Medo-)Persians.
see these texts:
Jeremiah 25:1-14
2Chronicles 36:1-21
Jeremiah 29:1-14
2Chronicles 36:22-23
Ezra 1:1-8
Ezra 2:1-2
The Greeks and Romans would follow, each of these four empires would work into God's great plan for bringing reconciliation between himself and humans through the Jews in the person of Jesus.
Babylon - used to unify great territories and carry the Hebrews off to the Exile. a great diaspora of the Jews occurs here. Synagogue worship develops because of the absence of the temple.
Medo-Persia - continue the unifying of territories, returns Hebrews to begin the rebuilding of Jerusalem.
Greeks - give us a language of the marketplace that, like English today, is everyone's second language. This provides a means for communicating when one travels the empire of Rome.
Rome - gave us roads for travel, an even greater area, general peace and rights as a citizen... all of which enabled the spreading of the Gospel... the early church, known to some as "the way" begins its spread to the four corners of the earth
continued with history and philosophy intro